Understanding Sensory Processing and Integration Related Disorders in Children

Sensory processing and integration related disorders are prevalent among children in the United States, affecting approximately 5% to 16.5% of the population. Despite their significant impact on a child's daily functioning, these disorders are not included in the current classification system for diagnosing mental health disorders, known as the DSM-V. Sensory processing refers to the way our nervous system receives and interprets sensory information from the environment. It involves the integration and organization of sensory inputs such as touch, taste, smell, sight, sound, and movement. For most children, this process occurs seamlessly, allowing them to respond appropriately to sensory stimuli. However, for children with sensory processing and integration related disorders, this process is disrupted, leading to challenges in everyday activities. Children with sensory processing disorders may experience hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to sensory stimuli. Hypersensitivity refers to an exaggerated response to sensory input, where even mild stimuli can be overwhelming. On the other hand, hyposensitivity refers to a reduced response to sensory input, where the child may seek out intense sensory experiences to feel satisfied. These sensitivities can affect various aspects of a child's life, including their behavior, emotions, and social interactions. Common symptoms of sensory processing disorders include: 1. Overreacting or underreacting to touch, sound, taste, smell, or visual stimuli. 2. Difficulty with transitions and changes in routine. 3. Sensitivity to certain fabrics, tags, or textures of clothing. 4. Avoidance of certain foods due to their texture, taste, or smell. 5. Poor coordination and motor skills. 6. Difficulty with self-regulation and emotional control. 7. Challenges with social interactions and forming relationships. It is important to note that sensory processing disorders can coexist with other conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and anxiety disorders. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation by a multidisciplinary team, including occupational therapists and psychologists, is essential for an accurate diagnosis. While the DSM-V does not currently include sensory processing disorders as a separate diagnostic category, it recognizes sensory issues as a potential symptom of other disorders. This lack of specific recognition can make it challenging for parents and professionals to access appropriate services and interventions for children with sensory processing difficulties. Fortunately, there is growing awareness and research in the field of sensory processing and integration related disorders. Occupational therapy, which focuses on improving daily living skills, sensory regulation, and motor coordination, is often recommended as a primary intervention for these children. Occupational therapists use a range of strategies, including sensory integration therapy, to help children develop adaptive responses to sensory stimuli. In conclusion, sensory processing and integration related disorders are prevalent among children in the United States. Despite their significant impact on a child's daily functioning, these disorders are not currently included in the DSM-V. However, with increased awareness and understanding, appropriate interventions and support can be provided to help children with sensory processing difficulties thrive.